Modern America and the Roman Empire

The similarities between ancient Rome and modern America are unsettling. But history doesn't have to be doomed to repeat itself....

It was the largest and most beautiful city of the world had seen. The magnificent facade of the empire, however, could not conceal the seeds of decay. The unhealthy dependence of the economy on slaves; the growing disparity between rich and poor. Behind the splendor of the Forum were vast areas of crowded slums. Escape from the slums was difficult, for there were few jobs available, and practically none for the unskilled. To keep idle citizens entertained and out of mischief, frequent games and spectacles were held at public expense. At first only chariot races were sponsored. But by the reign of Trajan, brutal combat to the death became popular. Earlier in Rome's history, elected representatives exercised the power. But as it neared its end, every function of government had been absorbed by the emperor, who was above the law, and ruled by decree. That a people as civilized as the Romans, with the most humane system of law ever devised, would tolerate the violation of human beings is astonishing. This imbalance of wealth, and the irresponsible behavior of public officials and positions of power, would become major reasons for Rome's eventual decline.

The similarities between ancient Rome and modern America are striking. But drawing the parallels between the current state of the US and the fall of the Roman Empire can offer insights into potential red flags, and productive next steps, so history isn't doomed to repeat itself.

1. Economic Disparities and Inequality

Rome: The Roman Empire experienced significant economic inequality, with vast wealth concentrated among a small elite while the majority of citizens faced poverty. This led to social unrest and weakened the unity of the empire.

America: The United States is also facing growing economic inequality. The wealth gap between the rich and the poor has been widening, contributing to social tensions and political polarization.

2. Political Corruption and Instability

Rome: Political corruption, including bribery and the misuse of power, was rampant in the later years of the Roman Empire. Frequent changes in leadership, often through violent means, led to political instability.

America: Concerns about political corruption and the influence of money in politics are prevalent in the U.S. The political landscape is often marked by partisanship and gridlock, which can undermine effective governance.

3. Military Overreach and Overspending

Rome: The Roman Empire overextended itself militarily, maintaining vast borders that were difficult and costly to defend. Military overspending drained resources that could have been used for other critical needs.

America: The U.S. maintains a large global military presence, which requires significant financial resources. Debates over military spending versus domestic priorities reflect concerns about sustainable resource allocation.

4. Cultural and Moral Decline

Rome: Some historians argue that Rome experienced a decline in civic virtue and moral standards, contributing to its downfall. This decline manifested in increased decadence and a loss of traditional values.

America: Similar concerns are often voiced about American society, with discussions about the erosion of civic values, increased consumerism, and a perceived decline in moral standards.

5. Immigration and Integration Challenges

Rome: The Roman Empire struggled with integrating diverse populations, including large numbers of immigrants and conquered peoples. This created social tensions and challenges to maintaining a cohesive identity.

America: The U.S. is a nation of immigrants, and while diversity is often celebrated, it also poses challenges in terms of embracing constructive policies for integration, social cohesion, and debates over immigration policy.

6. Environmental Degradation

Rome: The Roman Empire faced environmental challenges, including deforestation, soil depletion, and overuse of resources. These issues contributed to agricultural decline and food shortages.

America: The United States faces significant environmental concerns, such as climate change, pollution, and resource depletion. Environmental degradation poses risks to health, agriculture, and overall sustainability.

7. Public Health Crises

Rome: Epidemics and plagues periodically swept through the Roman Empire, weakening its population and exacerbating other social and economic problems.

America: The U.S. has experienced major public health crises, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic, which has strained healthcare systems, disrupted economies, and highlighted inequalities in health access and outcomes.

8. Erosion of Civic Engagement and Public Trust

Rome: As Rome declined, there was a notable decrease in civic engagement and public trust in institutions. Citizens became more disengaged from political and social life.

America: In recent years, there has been growing concern about declining civic engagement and trust in public institutions in the U.S. Political apathy, decreased voter turnout, and skepticism about government and media are significant issues.

9. Reliance on Mercenaries and Privatization of Military

Rome: In its later years, Rome increasingly relied on mercenary forces to defend its borders and maintain order. This reliance weakened the loyalty and effectiveness of the military.

America: The U.S. has seen a rise in the use of private military contractors for various operations. While not entirely analogous to Roman mercenaries, this trend raises questions about loyalty, oversight, and the effectiveness of privatized military forces.

10. Cultural Fragmentation and Loss of Common Identity

Rome: The Roman Empire encompassed diverse cultures and peoples. Over time, the sense of a unified Roman identity weakened, contributing to internal divisions and fragmentation.

America: The United States is a diverse nation with various cultural, ethnic, and ideological groups. While diversity is a strength, there are challenges in maintaining a cohesive national identity amidst increasing polarization and fragmentation.

While these parallels highlight some of the challenges facing America today, it's important to recognize that historical comparisons have limitations. While historical comparisons offer valuable lessons, it is essential to approach them with an understanding of the unique contexts and dynamics at play in each era. By learning from history, America can better navigate their challenges and work towards a more stable and prosperous future.

Because sometimes only hindsight is twenty-twenty.